Roots
1,642 triliteral roots organize the lexical core of the Qur'an. Arabic vocabulary is structured by these roots, sets of (usually three) consonants from which nouns, verbs, and adjectives are derived by fixed patterns.
| # | Root | Arabic | Meaning | Period | Count |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Period bars (left to right): Early Meccan · Middle Meccan · Late Meccan · Medinan
● counts from the Quranic Arabic Corpus (Leeds / Dukes 2009–2017). Meanings are provided for the most frequent roots; the long tail is unlabeled.
Occurrences ●
ℹ How computed
Computed from Leeds Quranic Arabic Corpus v0.4: total count of all token entries with this root across 114 morphology files (77,429 tokens in the corpus; 49,967 carry a root, the rest are particles, pronouns, and other unrooted forms).
Makki / Madani distribution ●
ℹ How computed
Computed from Leeds Quranic Arabic Corpus v0.4 morphology +
Quran.com Foundation API v4
/chapters revelation-place field. Surahs classified
makkah in the API are counted as Makki;
madinah as Madani.
Distribution by surah (114 surahs) ●
Each bar = one surah (1–114 left to right). Hover for surah number.
ℹ How computed
Computed from Leeds Quranic Arabic Corpus v0.4: summed token count for this root in each of the 114 surah morphology files.
Derived forms ●
One root yields many surface forms through Arabic morphological patterns. Grouped by Arabic form and part of speech (Leeds POS tag).
| Form | Part of speech | Count |
|---|
ℹ How computed
Computed from Leeds Quranic Arabic Corpus v0.4: grouped all token entries for this root by Arabic surface form and POS tag; sorted by frequency descending.
Top co-occurring roots ●
Roots that appear in the same verse most frequently (raw co-occurrence count).
ℹ How computed
Computed from Leeds Quranic Arabic Corpus v0.4: for each verse containing this root, recorded all other roots present in the same verse; ranked by co-occurrence frequency.
Verse references ●
ℹ How computed
Computed from Leeds Quranic Arabic Corpus v0.4: unique verse references (surah:ayah) where at least one token carries this root; sorted numerically.
Co-occurring roots ~
ℹ Method
Counted at verse level: two roots co-occur once for each
verse in which both are attested, regardless of order or
distance within the verse. Roots occurring more than 700
times across the whole corpus
(a-l-h, q-w-l, k-w-n, r-b-b, a-m-n, ʿ-l-m) are
excluded as counting partners: they are frequent enough to
co-occur with nearly everything, so including them would
make every root's list look the same. The 12 remaining
partners with the highest counts are listed below. This is a
separate, filtered view from the raw
Top co-occurring roots
list above. Co-occurrence
describes distribution in the text. It does not by itself
establish meaning.
Explore further
For any root, the canonical English reference is Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon. Use the search at lexicon.quranic-research.net or the morphology browser at corpus.quran.com.